系统的说一下对SNS的相关看法
Social Networking Service,即社交网络服务,可以理解为用于在网上进行社交活动。而交往的对象会根据用户自身的需求以及网站的面向对象而不同,如人人网虽力图转型但主要用户仍然是学生尤其是在校大学生,myspace.cn因种种原因变成音乐人的交友平台。任何网站从商业角度出发都需要有一个用户群的立足点,在保持此类用户稳定增长的同时扩展其他类型的新用户,但普遍不太顺利。
相对比较传统的网络社交方式是论坛或BBS等,一个版面通常都有一个固定的主题和固定的人群,通过发帖和回帖进行讨论。一般情况下由于发帖数量、质量不同以及在论坛中作为管理者等,有一些人的地位、知名度和受欢迎程度会比其他人高一些。通常论坛的ID只是用户的网名而非实名制,因此是单纯为了一个话题而进行讨论,并没有过多的社交元素。或者说论坛的设立也非主要用于社交而是讨论。
因为论坛属于“公有财产”,任何人平等的在上面发相关的文字,没有很好的私人性。因此“网志”逐渐走俏,直到后来的“blog”。博客与论坛的区别在于一个博客的页面显示的是一个人写的所有东西,而论坛的页面显示的是所有人的所有东西。因此便于关注一个人而非一群人。后来如discuzz等论坛系统某个人的个人页面,算是从论坛的角度对SNS进行了一定的尝试。但从我的经历上看一般论坛中的个人主页远没有专门SNS网站的个人主页更频繁被查看,论坛更多的还是讨论的空间。
从技术上讲,早期的网站采用html静态页面的形式,后来逐渐有了各种通过数据库数据生成动态html代码的方式让此类网站在技术上成为可能。从商业角度或者更多的从商业角度,这类以用户为中心、以用户自己发布的内容为中心的模式被称作web 2.0。
上面4段大致介绍了社会化网络的发展和特征,即SNS的特征——突出用户,突出个体。绝大多数SNS服务是点对点或者说双向的,因此更多的底层群众能得到重视而摆脱了此前的精英化的互联网的弊端。下面将具体谈到普遍意义的SNS网站的特征。
任何一个SNS网站都有一些特定的元素:个人主页、日志、相册等等。可以看到SNS其实就是将早期的个人主页以及后来的博客、相册等功能进行整合。只不过对访问对象加以限制——通常为该网站的好友。一些SNS网站是封闭的,至少需要是已登录用户甚至必须加为好友才可访问,且通过robot.txt禁止爬虫访问;一些是开放的、对搜索引擎不排斥。而SNS不仅是一个简单的整合,更重要的是他提供了一个建立关系的平台——即任何用户与他的好友可以互相访问对方的信息从而更好的进行社交活动,此外可以通过共同的爱好或者“朋友的朋友”来建立新的好友关系。可以说SNS是验证“六度分割”的最佳场所。通常越是实名制的SNS系统,好友本身就是现实中的好友(或认识的人)的比例更高,同样越是实名制的SNS系统,在网上新认识的人中进一步成为现实中的好友的比例也越高。因为实名制会带来更多的信任。此外一些网站也强制用户实名或限制非实名用户使用。
信息是SNS的基础。目前来看,SNS的信息来源方式有两种,一种完全通过用户提供,如人人网,哪怕是所谓的“站外分享”,也是一定有一个用户作为源头把该站外信息首先发布在系统内部;另一种是SNS服务商本身提供信息供用户查看、评论等,比如豆瓣提供了大多数电影和书籍的资料,建立了庞大的资料库供用户评论、打分。两者各有优势,前者更灵活,后者更有专业性。通常任何网站都支持第一种,而第二种的网站通常有更细化的用户群。
理论上SNS的信息发布都是对等的,但由于有名人的存在,人们渴望获取名人的信息,而名人并不需要知道自己的每个粉丝都在做什么。这与博客的传播方式有些类似——更多的是单向的而非对等。因此SNS采取“公共主页”这种形式来弥补双向好友关系的缺陷。而twitter、豆瓣一类网站直接采用单向的获取信息,因此更容易形成并不对称的明星效应。而新浪微博更是对twitter进行了针对性的修改,突出了这种明星效应,使其更具有商业价值。
每个用户所新发布的消息都是一条“新鲜事”,被好友或者听众获取,暂且将这个动作称作推送。同时每个用户作为听众都有一个timeline,显示所有好友所推送过来的信息。通常timeline通过时间排序,一些网站可能对特定的信息进行加权以显示的更靠前。SNS服务商尽可能的改进算法以让用户看到自己更想看到的东西以提高用户体验。因此,一个SNS网站的核心就是用户的各个推送消息。更方便的推送、更好的被显示是SNS好用与否的关键。据说facebook通过开放API而迅速崛起,API意味着用户可以通过授权使自己的消息推送到网站外或者从网站外推送消息。比如前些日子开始火的4sq等定位服务便通过API将用户的账户与其fb、twitter账户绑定,将自己的位置更新信息推送到对应的网站中。当然,在天朝API也意味着其他东西,这不是本文所谈。
对于一个用户来说,需要管理的内容并不只是自己的各类新鲜事,还有自己的“好友资源”。通常一个用户有几百个好友,如何方便管理也是SNS服务商需要为客户思考的。目前的情况看只是类似IM提供一个好友分组的功能。但实际上没什么用处。因为IM的分组功能可以方便用户找到特定的人或者群发消息给特定人群。但SNS中用户很少需要特定的找人(即使找人也是使用其IM的功能,哪怕只是留言板),而且自己的信息会推送给所有分组,自己的timeline也会收集所有分组下好友的信息。因此我认为现在SNS做的最不足的就是对于分组的管理与对应功能的完善。
Google曾经发过一篇论文,里面提到一个人可能同时处在多个交际圈中。最典型的例子是一个老师可能有很多成年朋友,同时也有自己的学生加为好友。如果他想发一个跟朋友喝酒的照片,通常不方便被孩子看到。但目前的系统设计会让这个照片平等的推送给自己的朋友和学生。根据Google提到的理论,我们可以同样推理,一个学生也会在不同学校待过而建立不同的好友圈,他在“状态”或者叫微博中问明天几点考试,那么这个问题被自己高中或者小学同学甚至自己父母看到是毫无意义的。反之一个人看到自己在一千公里外的当年同桌问明天考试是不是开卷也没有意义,但他可能会想知道同桌最近跟女友分手没有。而且一个人通常会把交往重心放在现在身边的人而非过去。因此,不同的消息需要有不同的推送的受众,不同的timeline也应该收取不同的消息。
人人前些日子推出了“特别关注”功能是一个很有意义的尝试,但因为有诸多限制,并没有与好友分组进行很好的结合从而实用性受到很大制约。我的观点是,一个理想的SNS应该有一个非常完善的消息推送及接受的目标设定机制。即发布某一条消息可以只让特定分组的好友看到,一个用户也有多个timeline可以分别接受不同分组好友的消息或者是设置一个强大的过滤器。从技术上两者并不会是太大的问题,只是需要在相关数据上多设置几个属性即可,顶多是会让服务器的负载比以前稍微高一点。
对于任何一个SNS系统来说,用户是服务商的根基,而消息是系统的根基。没有用户的SNS注定是失败的,而不能很好的让用户推送和获取消息的SNS系统也是不成功的,哪怕用户足够多或者在商业上是成功的。
由于SNS用户庞大,且系统对数据库的访问读写兼备而非传统的读取。而且内容都是随时改变,因此传统网站的静态页面或者一些动态转静态的技术均无法使用。而传统的关系型数据库对于超大规模的并发操作通常力不从心,因此NoSQL逐渐被人们接受。NoSQL技术上的东西我懂的不多,甚至数据库我本身也并不算很了解,因此不在技术上做过多表述。一个比较有意思的事情是,由于真正对NoSQL有需求的通常都是SNS一类的网站,很多NoSQL的项目都是SNS网站开发后发布的,天涯也发布过一个。
由于一切内容均是SNS系统的内容,因此SNS服务商可以轻而易举的对用户的数据、内容进行控制。比如贩卖实名资料、占有版权等等。人人的服务条款中提到你在人人发的日志版权即为人人网所有,至于合法与否我不清楚。而因为种种原因,一些国家尤其是某个国家的内容审查制度要求SNS服务商必须清除某类信息,因此SNS信息的独立性和安全性显然没有独立个人网站或独立博客强。
因为完全为用户个人着想的服务提供商是不存在的,因此建立一个开放的系统又能建立相应的关系是一个可行的选择。在IM领域有一个以XML为基础的开放协议叫XMPP,Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol。当然IM上的协议有不少,只不过因为GT在用因此我也只知道这个。其特点是分布式,任何人只要连一个XMPP的服务器(可自建)便可发送一个消息给这个服务器以及其他XMPP服务器连接的用户通信。我的一个学长曾经想到这个东西,即一个SNS的开放协议。因为任意一条“消息”与IM的消息本质上没有任何区别,因此技术上是绝对可行的。甚至我觉得将XMPP通过XML的扩展让其拥有更多信息(协议本身已经支持),然后对自己特定群组的好友群发消息,然后某个客户端可以同时显示不同好友的所有消息,这本身就算是SNS了。
但技术上可行不一定就是市场上可行。大多数非专业的用户是不会考虑实现原理而单纯用自己想用的。而SNS由于关系是一种资源因而用的是自己好友更多的而不一定是自己觉得最好的。IM由于是两者间的通信,不一定要需要庞大的好友群(虽然这也是一个因素),而且属于随时需要随时用,只要能找到想找到的人,看他gt在线就用gt,qq在线就用qq,都不在线就打电话发短信。甚至某个IM账户你只有一个好友也有用的价值。但SNS需要有一定的听众群才会让用户发布更多的消息。试想假如你的微博只有几个人fo你,你话痨的欲望绝对没几百个人fo并且经常回复的人强烈。因此一个协议早就的系统是否成功的唯一条件是用户是否买账。同时,由于开放意味着不封闭,无法将用户“圈养”会让运营商的利益减少。因此短期看来,真正能推行此类方式的SNS的公司也只能是Google这种不差钱而且在行业属于追赶者的,指望fb、人人甚至腾讯那是不可能的。毕竟企业都需要赚钱,Google的gtalk本身就不是一个直接用来赚钱的服务,而SNS的数据量尤其是存储在服务器的数据量远比IM大,因此openSNS的成本显然比openIM的多。
还是那句话,人家不傻,真有必要做,早就去做了。当然这句话也不是100%正确的。
本文出自 杨肉的演讲台,转载时请注明出处及相应链接。
本文永久链接: https://yangzhe1991.org/blog/2011/01/%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e7%9a%84%e8%af%b4%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%8b%e5%af%b9sns%e7%9a%84%e7%9b%b8%e5%85%b3%e7%9c%8b%e6%b3%95/
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